• Cellular components and functions of those components
• Cell interaction with its environment
• The cell membrane structure and function
• Cell regulatory mechanisms like osmosis and selective permeability
• Cellular compartmentalization

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• The structure and function of enzymes
• The role of energy in living systems
• The processes of photosynthesis
• The processes of cellular respiration
• Molecular diversity and cellular response to environmental changes

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• The mechanisms of cell communication
• Signal transduction
• Cellular responses and feedback mechanisms
• The events in a cell cycle

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• The process and function of meiosis
• The concepts genetic diversity
• Mendel’s laws and probability
• Non-mendelian Inheritance
• Factors affecting inheritance and gene expression

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• The roles and functions of DNA and RNA
• The mechanisms of gene expression
• How genotype affects phenotype
• Mutations, genetic diversity, and natural selection
• Genetic engineering and biotechnology

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• Evidential support for evolution and common ancestry
• The mechanisms of natural selection and speciation
• Environmental and human-caused factors in evolution
• Charting species ancestry through phylogenetic trees and cladograms
• Extinction
• Models of the origin of life on Earth

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• Communication and responses to environmental changes
• Energy flow within and across ecosystems
• Factors in the growth, density, and success of populations
• Factors in community and ecosystem dynamics
• Invasive species, human interaction, and environmental changes

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