• The Silk Roads
• The Mongol Empire
• The Indian Ocean Trading Network
• The trans-Saharan Trade Routes
• The Effects of Cross-Cultural Interactions

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• The Development of the Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid Empires
• Governments of Land-Based Empires
• Religious developments in Empires
• Expansion of Land-Based Empires

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• Scientific Learning and Technological Innovation
• The Columbian Exchange
• Development and Expansion of Maritime Empires
• Challenges to State Power
• Changing Social Hierarchies

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• The Enlightenment
• Nationalism and Revolutions
• The Industrial Revolution
• Effects of Revolution

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• State Expansion in the 18th and 19th Centuries
• Resistance to Imperialism
• The Growth of the Global Economy
• Economic Imperialism
• Causes and Effects of New Migration Patterns

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• Changes in the Global Political Order after 1900
• World War I
• The Interwar Period
• World War II
• Mass atrocities after 1900

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• The Causes and Effects of the Cold War
• The Spread of Communism
• Independence Movements in Asia and Africa
• Creation of New States
• End of Cold War

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• Advances in Technology and their Effects
• Disease
• Environment
• Economic Change
• Movements for Reform
• Effects of Globalization
• New International Institutions

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